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62 Matching questions
- Exception Rates
- Commodity Rates
- Nesting
- 3. Carrier Pricing: Combination Strategy
- 1. Economic Drivers: Density
- -Class Rates
- Auditing
- Special Rates and Services (continued)
- Bill of Lading (BOL)
- Expediting
- Administrative Activities: Auditing & Claims Administration
- 1. Economic Drivers: Liability
- 2. Costing Methods: Common Costs
- Shipment Manifest
- Freight Bill
- 1. Economic Drivers: Distance
- Administrative Activities: Control
- Administrative Activities: Consolidation
- Freight Forwarders:
- -Joint costs have a significant impact on transportation charges because
- tapering principle
- An effective logistics strategy must recognize four interrelated topics
- 3. Carrier Pricing: Value-of-Service Strategy
- 2. Costing Methods: Variable Costs
- -Rate Determination
- 3. Carrier Pricing: Net-Rate Pricing Strategy
- Freight-All-Kind (FAK)
- Pricing Fundamentals of F.O.B. pricing
- Brokers:
- Special Rates and Services
- Product storage services
- Documentation
- Claims can be
- Administrative Activities: Negotiation
- 3. Carrier Pricing: Cost-of-Service Strategy
- -Classification
- Shippers can reduce their risk of liability by
- 4. Rates and Rating Mechanics
- 1. Economic Drivers: Handling
- 1. Economic Drivers: Weight
- 2. Costing Methods: Fixed Costs
- Transportation Administration Activities
- Key elements of operational management
- -Density
- Transit Services
- 1. Economic Drivers Influence Rates
- 3. Carrier Pricing Strategies
- 1. Economic Drivers: Market Factors
- Shipper Associations and Agents
- Tracing
- Detention (motor)
- Demurrage (rail)
- Joint Rates
- 2. Costing Methods: Joint Costs
- Proactive
- Special Rates and Servicess
- -Cube Rates
- 1. Economic Drivers: Stowability
- Reactive approach
- Pricing Practices
- -Tracking driver Hours of Service (HOS
- Pricing Fundamentals of Delivered Pricing
- a -Value-of-service price is based on value as perceived by the shipper rather than the carrier
-Higher margins than cost-of-service pricing
-Depends on the value of the goods being shipped
-Used for high value goods or when no competition exists
e.g., 1980's FedEx overnight delivery - b -Fixed costs must be paid even when the carrier is not operating its equipment
-Fixed costs are not influenced by shipment volume
-Includes vehicles, terminals, rights-of-way, information systems, and support equipment
-Must be covered by contribution above variable costs on a per shipment basis - c are the price in dollars and cents per hundredweight to move a specific product (i.e., class) between two locations
- d lists the individual stops or consignees when multiple shipments are placed on a single vehicle
- e Primary purpose of documentation is to protect all parties involved in the transaction
-Bill of Lading
-Freight Bill
-Shipment manifest - f are for a large quantity of product which moves between two locations on a regular basis
-Typical for most rail freight today - g Three Factors Determine the Base Rate
1.)How much are you shipping?
2.) What are you shipping?
3.) How far are you shipping from origin to destination? - h -Market factors such as lane volume and balance influence transportation cost
-Transport lane refers to movements between origin and destination points
-Carriers must find a backhaul load or vehicle is returned empty
-Imbalances in volume between shipping points can result in higher transport costs - i -Loss and damage resulting from poor performance
-Overcharge/undercharge when amount billed is different from expected - j Auditing and claims administration is needed when services are not performed as promised
- k -Handling some products may require special equipment
-Special equipment may be needed to load and unload trucks, railcars, or ships
-How products are grouped together in boxes or pallets will also impact handling cost - l -Improved packaging and loading
-Reducing susceptibility to loss or damage - m -Variable costs change in a predictable, direct manner in relation to some level of activity
-Variable costs in transportation are only incurred if you operate the vehicle
-Transport rates must cover these at the very least!
-Generally measured per mile or per unit weight or both
e.g., per ton-miles transported - n -Combination price is set at a value between cost-of-service minimum and value-of-service maximum
-Most carriers use some form of combination pricing
Common in highly volatile markets and changing competitive situations - o can be negotiated if a shipper needs to use a combination of carriers
- p businesses that consolidate small shipments from various customers into bulk shipment for a common carrier to transport
- q permit shipments to be stopped at an intermediate point between origin and destination for special processing
- r -Volume is important because vehicles are typically constrained more by cubic capacity than by weight loaded
-Cost per unit of weight declines as product density increases
-Higher density products allowed fixed transport costs to be spread over more weight - s ) to comply with federal regulations
- t -Cost-of-Service pricing is similar to a cost-plus pricing strategy for manufacturing
-The carrier estimates the cost of providing the service and then adds on a percent profit margin
-Commonly used for pricing transportation of low value goods or in highly competitive situations - u Carrier pricing strategies for setting rates follows one or two of the following approaches
-Cost-of-service strategy
-Value-of-service strategy
-Combination pricing strategy
-Net-rate pricing strategy - v -Common costs are incurred on behalf of all or a select group of shippers
-Terminal or management expenses are typical examples
-Usually allocated to shippers based on level of activity for that customer
e.g., number of shipments - w -Stowability is how product dimensions fit into transportation equipment
-Odd package shapes and sizes can waste cubic capacity. Items with rectangular shapes are easier to stow
-Nesting - x Delivered pricing — the seller includes transportation in the product price
Single Zone delivered pricing
Buyer pays a single price regardless of where they are located
Example, USPS First class letters
Multiple Zone pricing
Seller charges different prices for different geographic areas
Parcel carriers use this
Base Point pricing
Final delivered price is determined by the product's list price plus transportation cost from a designated base point - y Distance
Weight
Density
Stowability
Handling
Liability
Market - z -charge for holding a railcar for more than 48 hours before unloading
- aa is checking freight bills to ensure accuracy
Pre-audit determines proper charges prior to payment
Post-audit does the same after payment
Pay particular attention to accessorial charges ! - ab Operational Management
Consolidation
Negotiation
Control
Auditing and Claims Administration - ac Weight is the second major factor for most transportation costs
-Cost per pound decreases as weight increases until the carrier vehicle is full
-Relationship starts again for the next vehicle load
-Small loads should be consolidated into larger loads to maximize scale economies - ad represents a carrier's method of charging for transportation services rendered
Can be prepaid or collect - ae -Seeking win-win agreements where both shippers and carriers share transportation consolidation and productivity gains
-Collaborative negotiation: Both parties seek the lowest total logistical cost consistent with the shipper's needed service level (i.e. delivery time) - af approach includes preorder planning of quantity and timing with the shipper to facilitate consolidated freight movement
- ag -Demurrage (rail) charge for holding a railcar for more than 48 hours before unloading
-Detention (motor) charge for holding a truck for more than a few hours before unloading - ah Consolidation is combining LTL or parcel shipments moving to a general location
Shift to "response-based" logistics has made the industry rethink consolidation
-Two groups of techniques
-Reactive
-Proactive - ai is the combination of weight and volume
- aj -charge for holding a truck for more than a few hours before unloading
- ak refers to the ability of product to be placed in itself or collapsed for better stowability
- al are special rates to provide prices lower than the prevailing class rates
- am is the basic document utilized in purchasing transport services
Serves as a receipt and documents products and quantities shipped
Specifies terms and conditions of carrier liability - an -Joint costs are unavoidably created by the decision to provide a particular service
-For example, when a carrier elects to haul a truckload from point A to point B, there is an implicit decision to incur a joint cost for the back-haul from point B back to point A. - ao -Diversion and re-consignment allows changing the destination and/or consignee prior to arrival at the original destination
-Split delivery is delivering portions of a shipment to multiple destinations - ap -does not attempt to influence composition and timing of transportation movements, but reacts to shipments as they come
-Example is UPS nightly sorting of package freight for intercity movement - aq -Joint Rates
-Transit Services
-Freight-All-Kind (FAK) - ar is based on the classification rating, shipment origin, and destination
- as include (see next few slides)
FAK rates, Joint rates, Transit services, Split delivery, etc. - at Control responsibilities include tracing, expediting and driver hours of service administration
-Tracing
-Expediting
-Tracking driver Hours of Service (HOS) - au When the rate of cost decreases as distance increases
- av -Net-rate is a simplified pricing format made possible by deregulation
-Established discounts and accessorial charges are rolled into one all-inclusive price
-Pricing is tailored to the individual customer's needs - aw 1.) Economic Drivers
2.) Costing Methods
3.) Carrier Pricing Strategy
4.) Rates and Rating Mechanics - ax Pricing practices have a direct impact on logistical operations
-Traditionally, logistics pricing was "BUNDLED" into the price for a product or service
-Trend has been to DE-BUNDLE these charges so they become separate and visible to the customer
-Focus is still on DELIVERING VALUE to the customer - ay is the grouping of similar products into uniform classes that are assigned a rating
- az rates allow a mixture of different products to be transported under a negotiated rating
- ba -carrier quotations must include implied joint costs.
-Either a back-haul shipper must be found
-Or the joint cost must be covered by the original shipper from A to B and built into the quote. - bb is procedure to locate lost or late shipments
i.e., tracking with RFID and GPS systems
Proof of delivery - bc - Distance directly contributes to variable expenses through: Labor, fuel, and maintenance
- Cost curve starts above zero because of fixed costs associated with pickup and delivery regardless of distance
-However, rate of cost DECREASES as distance increases - bd -Equipment Scheduling and Yard Management
-Load Planning and Routing
-Advance Shipment Notification (ASN)
-Movement Administration
-Transportation Management System (TMS)
-An integral information technology solution to help oversee day-to-day activities - be -Liability includes product characteristics that can result in damage
-Carriers must pay for liability insurance or accept financial responsibility - bf : groups of shippers who employ an agent to consolidate purchases and shipments for them
- bg F.O.B (freight on board) pricing aka "free-on-board"
F.O.B. Origin — seller states price at point of origin, and agrees to load a carrier, but assumes no further responsibility. Buyer selects carrier and mode, pays transportation and assumes the risk for in-transit loss or damage
F.O.B. Destination — seller arranges for transportation and adds charges to the sales invoice. Title does not pass to the buyer until delivery is completed - bh intermediaries that coordinate transportation arrangements for shipper, consignees and carriers, operating on a commission basis
- bi replace the 18 traditional freight classifications of the National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC) with five cube groupings
- bj involves the shipper notifying carrier that it needs a specific shipment to move quickly and with no delays