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50 Matching questions
- Reliability
- ISO 9001:2008
- ISO 14000—International Environmental Standard
- Line flow
- Engineer to Order (ETO) START here
- Conformance
- Quality level
- ISO 9000:2005
- Total Cost of Manufacturing (TCM) (aka Total Delivered Cost) includes:
- Brand power
- Aesthetics
- Job shop
- Product/Process Characteristics:
- Volume
- Market Characteristics:
- Design for Logistics Interface
- Assemble to Order (ATO)
- Perceived Quality
- Continuious flow
- Batch
- Logistical Interfaces
- Four approaches to achieve this are:
- Materials Requirements Planning (MRP) Interfaces
- Design for Manufacture
- TQM's basic conceptual elements are:
- Standards in the ISO 14000 series are:
- Six sigma concepts
- Make to Order (MTO
- Durability
- Primary Objectives of Lean Systems
- Lead time
- Make to Stock (MTS)
- Performance
- TCM
- Just-in-time (JIT) Interfaces
- Mass Customization
- Lean Systems
- Serviceability
- Manufacturing terms
- What ISO provides
- Features
- The Elements of Lean Production - The Seven Wastes
- Management Standards have been Established by the ISO in both Quality and Environment
- Total Quality Management (TQM)
- ISO Certified Suppliers are Frequently Preferred by Procurement Departments
- What do the following stakeholders want/expect from manufacturing?
- The Elements of Lean Production
- ISO 9004:2009 -
- Variety
- ISO 19011:2011 -
- a Modular or adjustable product building blocks
Predictable components/functions interactions
Standardized process/skill building blocks
Reasonable lead times, steps, work content - b -Lean is a philosophy that is focused on the customer
-Defining principle is the elimination of "waste". Waste is anything that does not add value for the customer
-Lean emphasizes the minimization of the amount of all resources (including time) used in the operation of a company - c 1.)Produce only the products that customers want
2.)Produce products only as quickly as customers want them
3.)Produce products with perfect quality
4.)Produce in the minimum possible lead times
5.)Produce products with features that customers want and no others
6.)Produce with no waste of labor, materials or equipment; designate a purpose for every movement to leave zero idle inventory.
7.)Produce with methods that reinforce the occupational development of workers - d Top Management commitment and support
Maintaining a customer focus in product, service and process performance
Integrated operations within and between organizations
A commitment to continuous improvement - e - sets out the requirements of a quality management system.
This standard is being replaced with ISO 9001:2015 The final updated version is expected by the end of 2015. - f -The International Organization for Standards (ISO) was formed after World War II
-The ISO 9000—International Quality Standard (first published in 1987) is a family of various aspects of quality management and contains some of ISO's best known standards.
-The standards provide guidance and tools for companies and organizations who want to ensure that their products and services consistently meet customer's requirements, and that quality is consistently improved. - g Product variety: High
Volume: low
Strategy: ETO/MTO/ATO
Lead time: Long - h is traditionally treated according to the principle of economy of scale
-Average cost to produce product declines as manufacturing volume increases
-Particularly important when high fixed costs are present - i -Design-for-assembly - focuses on minimizing the number of parts and on easing assembly processes.
-Design-for-product-serviceability - focuses on easing the disassembly and reuse of product components.
-Design-for-six-sigma - systematically evaluates the consistency with which a good or service can be produced or delivered given the capabilities of the processes used. - j is the measure of elapsed time between release of a work order to the shop floor and completion of all work on the product to achieve ready-to-ship status
- k Individually customized products being produced at the low cost of standardized, mass produced goods.
Objective
Increase variety for customer while realizing the cost advantages of high volume continuous and line flow processes
"On-Demand", "To Order", "Postponement", "Agile Mfg" - l Purchased
materials and components arrive at the manufacturing or assembly point
just at the time they are required for the transformation process
Raw material and work in process inventories are minimized
Demand for materials depends on the finalized production schedule
Close cooperation with suppliers is essential!
Lot sizes are as low as one unit - m Just-in-Time (JIT)
Materials Requirements Planning (MRP)
Design for Manufacture (DFM)
Design for Logistics (DFL) - n is the measure of customer preference based on reputation, product quality and supply chain capabilities
- o features economies of scale, large volumes, long production runs, low variety, and distribution channels
Note: The textbook refers to this as Make to Plan (MTP) - p -TCM generally expressed as cost per unit
-Procurement and production costs go down as volume goes up (generally-step function applies as more capital is required to produce)
-Inventory and warehousing costs go up as volume goes up
-Transportation costs go down as volume goes up, but level off at high volumes - q Is the styling, color, workmanship pleasing to the customer
- r focuses on how to make a quality management system more efficient and effective
- s -Constraints interact with volume and variety to create realistic manufacturing plans
-Capacity is how much can you produce in a given unit of time
-Equipment considers how flexible it is
-Is one particular piece a bottleneck?
-Setup/Changeover considers how quickly can you
change from one variety of product to another - t - covers the basic concepts and language
- u is used when products are unique and extensively customized for the specific needs of individual customers
- v Procurement and production activities
Inventory and warehousing activities
Transportation activitie - w ISO 14001 - Specification of Environmental Management Systems
ISO 14004 - Guideline Standard
ISO 14010 through ISO 14015 - Environmental Auditing and Related Activities
ISO 14020 through ISO 14024 - Environmental Labeling
ISO 14031 through ISO 14032 - Environmental Performance Evaluation
ISO 14040 through ISO 14043 - Life Cycle Assessment
ISO 14050 - Terms and Definition - x Product variety: Very limited
Volume: Very high
Strategy: MTS (MTP)
Lead time: Very short - y ) relies on relatively small quantities, but more complexity
Requires much interaction with customer to work out design and specification
Usually shipped direct to customer
Can utilize postponement - z Resources must be procured, positioned, and coordinated as needed to support the manufacturing strategy selected
- aa What is the ease of fixing or repairing the product if it fails
- ab -Six sigma approach is to identify sources of variability and then systematically reduce them. Get to the "root cause"
-The six sigma goal is to achieve a process standard deviation that is six times smaller than the range of outputs allowed by the product's design specification
-DMAIC methodology is a systematic approach to eliminating defects and keeping the process in control - ac Sales & Marketing
Design/Development
Finance
Quality - ad Sufficiently large customer segment that values "translatable variety"
Turbulent, dynamic market
Unpredictable demand - but not entirely unpredictable!
Little impact of regulation or other constraints (designer drugs? - ae Based on customer's experience before, during and after they purchase a product
- af is
a philosophy focused on meeting customer expectations with respect to
all needs, across all company functions, and recognizing all customers,
both internal and external
It is a total, organization-wide activity versus a technical task - ag is when base components are made, stocked to forecast, but products are not assembled until customer order is received
Manufacturing postponement practiced here - ah Overproducing
Waiting - Excess idle machine & operator & inventory wait time
Transportation
Over-processing - Non-value adding manufacturing & other activities
Excess Inventory
Excess Movement
Scrap & Rework - ai How well the product performs in comparison to how it was designed to perform
- aj Three sigma quality level
Produces defect free product 99.74 percent of the time
66,807 defects per million parts produced
Six sigma quality level
Produces defect free product 99.99966 percent of the time
3.4 defects per million parts produced - ak -manage the environmental effect of their business practices.
-manages the environment inside it's facilities and the immediate outside environment
- analysis of the entire life cycle of a product
- do not mandate a particular level of pollution
-does not release a company from any national or local regulations - al -They have to conform to an externally defined set of standards for quality and delivery of service
-They are usually more open to sharing supply chain information
-They welcome building relationships with their customers
-Formal processes in place for continual
improvement
- easier for procurement to initially qualify and
periodically audit
-Certification is done by an external register agency
-Recertified every three years - am Does the product meet its specifications as designed
- an involves frequent product runs and high repetition of small lot sizes
-Processes that can rapidly switch production from one product to another while retaining efficiency are said to have economy of scope - ao Procurement has a key role in insuring all the components are obtained on time to make an end item
Key information requirement is the bill of materials (BOM)
Particularly for more complex manufacturing (i.e., MTO, ETO) where large numbers of components or subassemblies are used to produce a final product
-Planning sometimes spans multiple manufacturing locations - ap Waste Reduction
Lean Supply Chain Relationships
Lean Layouts
Inventory & Setup Time Reduction
Small Batch Scheduling
Continuous Improvement
Workforce Empowerment
Lean, in particular Value Stream mapping, is a great tool in administrative processes - aq Design
for logistics concept incorporates the requirements and framework for
logistical support of the product in the early phases of product
development
Considers:
What we are going to make
How we are going to make it
What logistics capabilities do we need
How we are going to integrate our suppliers into the process
Any subassembly manufacture by suppliers
The need for outsourcing of some parts or assemblies - ar -Shows commitment to providing a high level of customer satisfaction
-Demonstrates the existence of an effective quality management system that satisfies the rigors of an independent, external audit
-Can boost your organization's brand reputation and be a useful promotional tool, especially when going up against competitors who aren't certified. - as sets out guidance on internal and external audits of quality management systems.
- at What different functions or tasks can the product perform
- au The actual life expectancy of the product
- av Product variety: Limited
Volume: High
Strategy: ATO/MTS
Lead time: Short - aw Likelihood that the product will perform throughout its expected life
- ax Product variety: High
Valume: very low
Strategy: ETO/MTO
Lead time: Very long
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